A case report of porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) reproductive disease in Iberian semi-outdoor reared sows

Abstract

Background Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3) is a recently discovered swine pathogen associated with reproductive disease. To date, clinical problems linked to PCV3 have been described in intensive rearing pig farms. The present case describes an Iberian semi-outdoors sow farm affected by PCV3 reproductive disease. Case presentation The affected farm was composed of 420 self-replaced Iberian sows, working in 3-week batches (60 sows per batch). The farm was free from porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) and had been previously affected by porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) reproductive disease, which was successfully managed through sow vaccination. In spring 2022, reproductive disease was noticed with a high increase in the number of mummified foetuses and stillborn piglets from gilts as the most remarkable finding; multiparous sows were not affected. A first analysis with pooled stillborn tissues ruled out most swine reproductive pathogens and revealed detection of PCV3. To further elucidate PCV3 implication in the reproductive disease, a complete postmortem examination of stillborn and mummified foetuses from two affected litters was conducted. Pooled tissue samples yielded high PCV3 loads by quantitative PCR. Grossly, one (out of 5) stillborn had an enlarged, flaccid heart. Histopathological evaluation revealed PCV3 lesions consisting of lymphohistiocytic and systemic periarteritis (3/5). The grossly affected heart had lymphohistiocytic myocarditis with fibrosis and lymphohistiocytic endocarditis. By in situ hybridization, high amounts of PCV3 genome were observed within histological lesions. Moreover, immunohistochemistry against PRRSV and PCV2 resulted negative in the same tissues. Conclusions This is the first report of PCV3 reproductive disease in a semi-extensive production Iberian pig farm, affecting exclusively gilts. Moreover, this is the first description of grossly apparent myocarditis associated to PCV3 infection. Therefore, PCV3 should be considered within the differential diagnostic list of swine reproductive problems in non-intensive pig rearing production. Keywords Semi-outdoor, Extensive, Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV3), Reproductive disease, PCV3 reproductive disease (PCV3-RD), In situ hybridization (ISH), Periarteritis, Myocarditis