Is calcium deficiency the real cause of bitter pit? A review
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Publication date
2024-06-24ISSN
1664-462X
Abstract
Bitter pit is a disorder affecting the appearance of apples. Susceptibility is genetically controlled by both the cultivar and rootstock, with both environmental and horticultural factors affecting its severity and proportional incidence. Symptoms appear more frequently at the calyx end of the fruit and consist of circular necrotic spots, which take on a “corky” appearance visible through the peel. Bitter pit may develop before harvest, or after harvest, reducing the proportions of marketable fruit. In this review, current knowledge of the factors associated with the occurrence of bitter pit in apples is summarized and discussed along with their interactions with Ca uptake and distribution to fruit. This disorder has been previously linked with localized Ca deficiencies in fruit during its development. However, these relationships are not always clear. Even with over a century of research, the precise mechanisms involved in its development are still not fully understood. Additional factors also contribute to bitter pit development, like imbalances of mineral nutrients, low concentration of auxins, high concentration of gibberellins, changes in xylem functionality, or physiological responses to abiotic stress. Bitter pit remains a complex disorder with multiple factors contributing to its development including changes at whole plant and cellular scales. Apple growers must carefully navigate these complex interactions between genetics, environment, and management decisions to minimize bitter pit in susceptible cultivars. Accordingly, management of plant nutrition, fruit crop load, and tree vigor still stands as the most important contribution to reducing bitter pit development. Even so, there will be situations where the occurrence of bitter pit will be inevitable due to cultivar and/or abiotic stress conditions.
Document Type
Article
Document version
Published version
Language
English
Subject (CDU)
632 - Plant damage, injuries. Plant diseases. Pests, organisms injurious to plants. Plant protection
633 - Field crops and their production
Pages
14
Publisher
Frontiers Media
Is part of
Frontiers in Plant Science
Citation
Torres, Estanis, Lee Kalcsits, and Luís Gonzalez Nieto. 2024. “Is Calcium Deficiency the Real Cause of Bitter Pit? A Review.” Frontiers in Plant Science 15 (June). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2024.1383645.
Program
Fructicultura
This item appears in the following Collection(s)
- ARTICLES CIENTÍFICS [2756]
Rights
Except where otherwise noted, this item's license is described as http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/